The Importance of Occupational Stress for a Company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2392 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Executive summary This report describes what is occupational stress and illustrates the importance of occupational stress for the company. First, this report is based on the background of Apple Inc and research the reasons for occupational stress of the staffs and the influence of occupational stress. In this report which collected Apples background information and financial situation, through these data and market background to analyze why Apple staffs have occupational stress to get a certain conclusion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Importance of Occupational Stress for a Company" essay for you Create order Some of the issues are from the staffs work environment, some issues are effected by the impact of the market environment and analyze the causes of occupational stress such as workload, staffs status, economic factors all would affect the levels of stress. Then it according to which the reason to list some suggestions for how to solve the occupational stress for the company. Occupational stress the need to resolve both from the perspective of the company and employees. Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Main body 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Results and Findings. 2.3 Discussion 3.0 Conclusions and recommendations 4.0 Reference: 1.0 Introduction Occupational stress is a big problem for many workers and which affect their work status and also would influence the development of the company. This report will introduce the occupational stress of staffs who work in Apple Inc and analyze the causes of the occupational stress and will give some solutions for Apple Inc to chang e this phenomenon. Apple is a company which focus on design, manufactures, and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, accessories, networking solutions, and third party digital content and applications (Annual Report 2014). Apple has become the second-largest information technology company in the world and which is also the third-largest mobile phone maker in the world (Annual Report 2014). Apple became the first U.S company its values is over $700 billion and became the largest publicly trade corporation in the world on 25th,11,2014 (Financial Post 2014). There are 437 retail stores in ifiteen countries which has 72,800 staffs work for them as of 2014 (Annual Report 2014). Apple also operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store which has become the largest music retailer in the world. Apple is a big company which annual revenue in 2014 totaled US$182 billion (F inancial Post 2014). Apple has the high level of brand loyalty which also become the worlds most valuable brand. Apple devotes itself to use its innovative hardware, software and services which will provide the best user experience to the customers (Annual Report 2014). The strategy of Apple is design and apply its own operating systems, hardware, application software for their customers. Apple believes knowledgeable salespersons who provide the high-quality service and buying experience for the customers can attract and retain more customer for company (Annual Report 2014). So Apple are pay more attention on training the salespersons that can express the value of the products and put up the best service. According to this situation, the staffs who work for Apple will have the large occupational stress. Occupational stress which is the stress when the people are working. World Health Organizations give the definition of the occupational stress is the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope (World Health Organization 2015). Stress sometimes happen in a widely work environment which have little support from their manager and colleagues will make people feel occupational stress during their work time (World Health Organization 2015). Sometime the bad management and practice will bring the pressure or challenge for staffs (Lazarus Folkman, 1984). Occupational stress which is unavoidable at the workplace, it is a normal condition. Owing to the condition of the contemporary work environment which has large demands form staffs (Lazarus 1991). So the occupational stress is acceptable even which can help staffs to keep alert, motivated and remind them to learn more knowledge and technology to keep them to be excellent (Lazarus 1991). However, the occupational stress becomes excessive which will hurt staffs health and psychology even affec t the performance of the company. The problem of occupational stress has become the great concern focused by many people. People always need to through work to reflect their value in this society so the stress keep increasing for staffs (Szymanski, 1999). For example, the global economy is changing rapidly which would affect the company development. Thus the company need to increase their develop speed and efficiency and change their company cultures to be stronger to develop in the market. According to this condition which would give more occupational stress for staffs, they need to more things to adapt the change of the company and economic. For the development of Apple Inc, through the right ways to face occupational stress, will help staffs relieve stress which is very necessary. Therefore, this report will analyze in detail about the causes and impact of occupational stress from different aspects. Finally, this report will give some suggestions about how to relieve occupatio nal stress, which can help staffs work better and help Apple to have better development for their future. 2.0 Main body 2.1 Methodology To finish this report there are some point need to achieve: 1. Use the secondary research to collect the information of Apple Inc 2. List the data of the Apple Inc 3. Identify the cause and effect of occupational stress of the Apples staffs 4. List the results and findings 5. Give the following recommendations 2.2 Results and Findings Figure 1 Different areas Sales Data 2014 Change 2013 Change 2012 Net Sales by Operating Segment: Americas $ 65,232 4% $ 62,739 9% $ 57,512 Europe 40,929 8% 37,883 4% 36,323 Greater China 29,846 17% 25,417 13% 22,533 Japan 14,982 11% 13,462 27% 10,571 Rest of Asia Pacific 10,344 (7)% 11,181 4% 10,741 Retail 21,462 6% 20,228 7% 18,828 Total net sales $ 182,795 7% $ 170,910 9% $156,508 Figure 2: Sales by Product: 2014 Change 2013 Change 2012 Net Sales by Product: iPhone $ 101,991 12% $ 91,279 16% $78,692 iPad 30,283 (5)% 31,980 3% 30,945 Mac 24,079 12% 21,483 (7)% 23,221 iPod 2,286 (48)% 4,411 (21)% 5,615 iTunes, Soft ware and Services 18,063 13% 16,052 25% 12,890 Accessories 6,093 7% 5,706 11% 5,145 Total net sales $182,795 7% $170,910 9% $156,508 Figure 3: Unit Sales by Product 2014 Change 2013 Change 2012 Unit Sales by Product iPhone 169,219 13% 150,257 20% 125,046 iPad 67,977 (4)% 71,033 22% 58,310 Mac 18,906 16% 16,341 (10)% 18,158 iPod 14,377 (45)% 26,379 (25)% 35,165 In the figure 1 which shows the net sales increased 7% and 11.9 one billion from 2014 to 2013 (Annual Report 2014). This due to the sales of iPhone; Mac; iTunes, Software and Services; and Accessories was increased (Annual Report 2014). From the figure 1 and 2 display the reason of successful increased net sales and unit sales is introduction of iPhone 5s and 5c in 2013 and in 2014 the expanded distribution is owing to the launch of iPhone 6 and 6 Plus. Apples net sales and unit sales increased was mainly due to the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro which updated in 2014 for a faster processor and saled at lower prices to receive a strong demand (Annual Report 2014). Net sales of iTunes, software and services was mainly due to a net increase in revenue from growth through App Store, AppleCare and licensing. For the iPads net sales and unit sales in 2014 compared to 2013 which declined because of the lower unit sales. During 2014, growth in total net sales also continued to decline also b ecause of the negative effects of iPod sales. All Company segments increased net sales in 2014, the growth was strongest in Greater China and Japan operating segment showed from the figure 1 (Annual Report 2014). In the first quarter of 2014, the company launched the iPad the air, its fifth-generation iPad and iPad mini with Retina display. In June 2014 Worldwide Developers Conference, the company announced iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite (Annual Report 2014). In September 2014, the Company launched the iPhone 6 and 6 and release iOS 8, announced the Apple Pay, which began used in the United States in october 2014. Then the company also previewed Apple Watch is expected to be in early calendar 2015. The company launched the iPad AIR 2, iPad 3 Mini, iMac with Retina 5K Display and updated the Mac mini; and released OS X Yosemite in 2014 (Annual Report 2014). During 2014, the company completed the acquisition of the business, including the music beats, LLC, which offers a subscription streami ng music service, and beats Electronics, LLC, which makes the acquisition of Beats headphones, speakers, and audio software (Annual Report 2014). These are the condition of the Apple Inc which will affect the work condition of the staffs. 2.3 Discussion There are lots of causes of occupational stress in different areas such as in workplace, change in the workplace or home life but in this report it would just analyze the cause from workplace of Apple staffs. In workplace the workload is a big issues for staffs, quantitative workload, qualitative workload and under load all will affect staffs (Calnan,Wainwright, Forsythe, Almond, 2001). Apple staffs have the large workload which need to do lots of things such as introduce the all function and data of products which customers interested as well as recommend new products to customers. The staffs need to remember all things with any Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products and also need to remember the new products which are launch recen tly. In the workplace, the staffs status also will influence the levels of stress (Calnan,Wainwright, Forsythe, Almond, 2001). Although the work pressure has affected the potential of employees; those who have very little impact on the company will make major decisions. However, less powerful staffs are more likely to suffer from stress than powerful staffs. Managers and other staffs all easily to work overload. Under the overload work the staffs in Apple all will feel occupational stress. In fact, the managers of Apple they will have more stress because they need to a lot of importation decision of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operation. They need to consider lots of different condition of their decision. Anyone decision they carried out which are related to the large number of staffs, all spent their lots of time and energy. In 21st century, economic factors is normal issue that staffs need to face it and it also increase the stress levels for the staffs (Calnan,Wainwright, Fors ythe, Almond, 2001). Now there are computer and communications times which have affect all companies need to be more efficient and productive (Calnan,Wainwright, Forsythe, Almond, 2001). However this phenomenon make the greater competition in the market and which would put more stress on staffs. For the Apple staffs the compete globally between each company is the most serious problem which make them feel very stress. Each year, Apple need launch different types new product to their customers to ensure the sales volume and retain and attract more customers. But different types of products launch will affect each sale of products such as sale of iPhone increased but the sales of iPod decline sharply. So the staff need to improve the sale of each product which is a tough thing for them. When Apples staffs feel occupational stress, they will can not work seriously, sometimes will create unnecessary mistakes when they are working which also would bring some losses for the company. Oc cupational stress makes staffs inefficiency, it will affect the companys performance. So pay attention to occupational stress on the staffs for Apple is very necessary. 3.0 Conclusions and recommendations Apple Inc is a mature company, which has advanced technology, good products, and achieve a very good reputation and sales, but if Apple wants to maintain its current success and achieve better development, it must focus on staffs occupational stress. Staffs are very important for Apple Inc, if no staffs do the research of the product and develop new products, develop the strategies for company, implementation sales that would not be the success for Apple. So Apple Inc need to focus on the companys development and also requires to pay attention on the situation of staffs to ease their occupational stress which would will bring better development to Apple. Apple Inc need to ensure the workload is same with the staffs abilities which can make sure the workload staffs can rece ived. The manager also can give the monitor workload and give the staffs some chance to train themselves and improve their skills. In each stage of staffs can give them some rewards to encourage staffs to work better. The managers of Apple also need to make more communications with staffs to realize the condition of the staffs work. Telecommuting is another way for the company to help them reduce occupational stress (Gajendran Harrison 2008). Employees defined telecommuting as an alternative work arrangement in which employees perform tasks elsewhere that are normally done in a primary or central workplace, for at least some portion of their work schedule, using electronic media to interact with others inside and outside the organization (Gajendran Harrison 2008). Telecommuting get a high rating of support that it allows staffs have more ability to control over how to arrange their work. Staffs working at home will have less stress which also can get balance between work and li fe and give the higher performance to their managers. The staffs also need to learn how to release the stress. The staffs need to have more communication with their manager and tell them the issues, feedback and stress then the staffs would receive some suggestion to help release the stress. The staffs also need to take care of the health through the enough sleep exercise and healthy diet which would help staffs to cope the demands at work better. Ensure take a rest every day or outgoing to relax themselves. Staffs also can take everything in plan that will help them manage their time. Finally, staffs need to deal with the stress positive without worry too much. According to these ways will help Apple Inc to solve most of staffs occupational stress but the stress can not solve thorough so keep pay more attention on occupational stress will help Apple development better. 4.0 Reference: Apple Inc. (2014) ANNUAL REPORT Available at: https://investor.apple.com/financials.cfm (Accessed: 30 March 2015) Financial Post (2014) Apple Inc market cap tops US$700B, double what it was when Tim Cook took over as CEO Available at: https://business.financialpost.com/fp-tech-desk/apple-inc-tops-us700-billion-market-share-on-strong-iphone-and-ipad-demand?__lsa=81c3-5ac6 (Accessed: 30 March 2015) Gajendran,Ravi and Harrison,David. (2008)Telecommuting Win-Win For Employees And Employers.Journal of Applied Psychology92.6 (Accessed: 4 April 2015) Lazarus, R. S., Folkman, S. (1984). Stress Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer. (Accessed: 2 April 2015) Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Psychological stress in the workplace. In P.L. Perrewe (Ed.), Handbook on Job Stress (pp. 1-13). Corte Madera, CA: Select Press. (Accessed: 2 April 2015) Szymanski, E.M. (1999). Disability, job stress, the changing nature of careers, and the career resilience portfolio. Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin, 42, 279-284. (Accessed: 2 April 2015) Szymanski, E.M. (1999). Disa bility, job stress, the changing nature of careers, and the career resilience portfolio. Rehabilitation Counselling Bulletin, 42, 279-284.(Accessed: 4 April 2015) World Health Organization (2015) Stress at the workplace Available at: https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/stressatwp/en/ (Accessed: 30 March 2015)

Analysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal - 1546 Words

Madeleine Roepe EN323 Rzepka 3/9/15 Swift and Blake’s Use of Irony and Persona In Satire In the context of political questions and social activism, irony, exaggeration, humor, and ridicule are all valuable rhetorical tools to expose faults and make a point (New Oxford American Dictionary). Both Jonathan Swift and William Blake confront social systems of oppression in their literary careers, most notably with A Modest Proposal and Songs of Innocence respectively. Swift’s A Modest Proposal is an address to the wealthy English and appeal to the consumerism that drives economic exploitation that causes inequity and poverty. Due to the tense political climate and potential ramifications of his criticism, Swift published the essay anonymously and therefore had to create a persona within the essay to speak for him. Swift uses this unique narrative persona to ironically confront this oppressor class. Blake also makes rhetorical use of the persona and irony to make ideological points but in a noticeably different way; the speaker he creates uses the voice of those being ex ploited by English social systems rather than a privileged observer. In his poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper,† Blake adopts the voice of a young boy sold into labor. His discussion of mistreatment is more psychological in nature, and contains a complexity considerably absent in Swift’s writing. Each perspective has its merits, but which is the more effective means of satire? In his opening, Swift’s speaker misleads readersShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal1076 Words   |  5 Pages Mansoon Acharya Kayla Schreiber H1003 October 10, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis on Swift’s A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal is a sarcastic humored essay that examines the attitude of the rich towards the poor starving children in their society. Swift uses many rhetorical devices. Swift uses logical metaphors, repetition, and humor, satire and sarcasm tone to point out the negative attitudes. He starts by blaming the mothers of the children by telling them they should work hard and work honestly insteadRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal956 Words   |  4 Pagesissue for the Irish and became a topic of satire ridicule for writers. Specifically, Jonathan Swift demonstrates mockery of this time in one of his written works, â€Å"A Modest Proposal.† The speaker proposes to shift the issues of over population and poverty to a business like mentality by paying woman to bare children and then after a year, gaining a profit by selling and eat their children. The speaker’s proposal to consume the children of Ireland demonstrates a satirical solution to the Irish ’s economicRead MoreAnalysis of Johnathan Swift ´s A Modest Proposal Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesA Modest Proposal was written in 1729 by a man of the name Johnathan Swift. This is a piece of early satire. He writes this to insult the early government system and mocks the heartless attitude that they have against the poor. He does this by writing a proposal that absolutely is outlandish and unthinkable, starting by addressing the current issue. â€Å"FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY, AND FOR MAKING THEM BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC†Read MoreAnalysis of Jonathan Swift ´s A Modest Proposal Essay532 Words   |  3 Pagesissue hasn’t been fazed a bit. From Jonathan Swift’s Modest Proposal, he clarifies the poverty issued throughout Ireland in the early 1700’s and how one suggestion could change it all. Elaborated from the Literary Reference Center, â€Å"A Modest Proposal, like G ulliver’s Travels, transcends the political, social, and economic crisis that gave birth to it, woeful as they were. Packed with irony and satirical revelations of the human condition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Swift wasn’t just writing a masterpiece, but an intended,Read MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal And Li Ruzhen s Flowers994 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many uses of satire in Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal and in Li Ruzhen’s Flowers in the Mirror. Both of these readings address social issues during the 17th and 18th century and address them with various uses of satire to help emphasize their thoughts of dislike and carry that to their readers. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal proposes using poor bastard children as food to help the poverty level along with other social issues that come with poor women carrying children and havingRead MoreJonathan Swift s Modest Proposal1562 Words   |  7 PagesEmpire. Thesis: Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal is the most effective in conveying its proposal against Imperialism as a universal theme. Directional Statement: Jonathan Swift s Modest Proposal successfully uses evidence to support its proposal and an effective style of writing. It also presents a clearly defined problem and solution compared to George Orwell s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† and Thomas Jefferson s â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. Point 1: Swift s Modest Proposal effectively uses appropriateRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Jonathan Swift1425 Words   |  6 PagesEllen Griffith Freshman Comp. II Oct. 27, 2015 Literary analysis The author I decided to write about is Jonathan Swift for he had a keen sense for effective sarcasm. As Jonathan Swift said â€Å"The proper words in the proper places are the true definition of style.† Though he was known in different ways, he was mostly popularized through his gift in writing, particularly his satire, or his use of humor and irony, essays. Through out swift life, there has been plenty of events where I believe shapeRead MoreSimilarities between Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail and Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal1358 Words   |  6 Pages Even the most cursory analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King, Jr. and A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift reveals glaring differences between the two essays. Surprisingly, a side-by-side comparison also yields many similarities between the two works. The most obvious similarity between the two essays is the overarching theme of the subject matter. In both essays, the writers address deeply-entrenched social injustices. For example, in Letter From Birmingham JailRead MoreEssay on Analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift1081 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift In his biting political satire called ?A Modest Proposal,? Jonathan Swift seeks to create empathy for the poor through his ironic portrayal of the children of Irish beggars as commodities that can be regulated and even eaten. He is able to poke fun at the dehumanization of the multitudes of poor people in Ireland by ironically commenting on what he sees as an extension of the current situation. Swift?s essay seeks to comment on the terribleRead MoreNotes On Reading : Https1593 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on specific questions from below and/or questions using your answers for deeper analysis. We will then further discuss this piece of writing. How does Swift want the reader to view the speaker? What features best describe the â€Å"persona† he adopts? Give examples from the text. Jonathan Swift wants the readers to view him as a pragmatic and heartless realist who has found a solution to a serious issue. Swift used sophisticated diction to list seemingly sensible reasons as to why his horrifying

Hotel & Hospitality Management Marriot Groups

Question: Discuss about theHotel Hospitality Management for Marriot Groups. Answer: Introduction: A target market consists of a group of consumers for whom a particular product with some specific features would hold more value. Every company analyses its target market thereby facilitating their growth in the market. The present report represents, the strategy behind the targeted markets of the Starwood- Marriott alliance Groups of Company. In this study the rewards program that were taken up by the Marriot Groups thereby analysing their impacts. The determination regarding who won, who lost and what would be in the future of the rewards programs impact that are conducted by the Marriot Groups have been discussed in this paper. A comprehensive review has been provided on the Marriot Worldwide Rewards Company that has been launched by the Marriot Groups in September 2016. Starwood- Marriott Alliance Rewards Campaign and its Impact: This American based multinational Company; The Marriot International Inc. is an intensively diversified hospitality company. This is a large group of industry which was founded in the year 1927 and has its headquarters at Bethesda, Maryland. A wide portfolio of hotels and other facilities that are related to lodging are managed and franchised by this Company. The company has its property in about 110 countries worldwide and the property of the company is even more than 5700 that includes about 1.2 millions rooms approximately (Thomas, 2015) The company of Marriot International Inc. and the company of Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide unanimously have approved on a decision of merger agreement. This combination would create the largest hotel company in the hospitality industry of the world. In this transaction of the companies, the leading international footprints and leading lifestyle brands are combined with the luxury and select- service tiers of Marriot (Marriott News Center. 2016). The company as an individual were a separate entity with a large portfolio and when combined the operation level of both the companies would franchise even more than 5500 hotel worldwide that would provide for even more than 1.1 million of rooms. The revenue for the both combined companies was more than $2.7 billion for the year ended 2015 (Gustavo, 2013). Figure 1: A handy diagram made regarding the takeover (Source: Gustavo, 2013) Understanding the Target Market of the Marriot Groups: Marriott International wants to provide its customers with better services along with maintaining the loyalty of the customers. With a view point of customers loyalty, the Marriott Company introduces different rewards campaign for its customers. Amongst the entire award winning loyalty programs of the Marriott international is the worldwide rewards campaign that the company launched in the year 2016, September. The company launched its new marketing campaign that was designed to raise the level of awareness of many of the brands of the company specially targeting the younger travelling group of the society. This campaign for the company was designed by Grey New York and it featured a TV Spot of 30 sec that would debut during the football game broadcast of the New York Jets-Buffalo Bills. This ad has been specially designed with the events for the loyalty program members and has the tagline of You are here. The companys this rewards campaign of the company is different from its other campaigns. In this campaign the company focuses on connecting the customers with the brand name emotionally however, in the previous campaign it just was shown how the loyalty program worked (Cantallops Salvi, 2014). Achieving the Target Market of the Marriot Groups: Apart from the television ad there are also some other aspects of this campaign that includes of the digital magazine of the company where the travellers share their stories, usage of the social media such as the Facebook, Instagram and many other. The number as in compared with the previous the loyalty program member of the company increased around 13.1 percentages this year (Yoo Bai, 2013). This is assumed to have taken place due to the rewards programs that the Marriott has taken up in the September. In the same year Marriot experienced even more number of increasing members for the rewards program. Due to this merge of the Starwood and the Marriot and the rewards program that the company has undertaken, the presence of the company in the lucrative regions such as Asia, Africa and others would be doubled up. The valuation points of Marriot are around $8.92 per 1000 points. This is still the highest level of concentration of the affordable hotels brands in the portfolio of Marriot. This implies that the members of the company only need to spend just an average of around $2000 for getting a free night at Marriot. Whereas, in comparison to the Starwood, it implies that the Starwood members need to spend roughly an average of around $7000 (Yoo Bai, 2013). This states that the Marriot Company offers services to its members at comparatively lower amount and therefore, this a strategy through which the company is achieving its targeted markets by having more concentration in its hotels. However, the merging of the two best companies of their field would result in the increase in the membership size of the merged companies of the Starwood and the Marriott. This merging would also result in more booking from the targeted markets and the achieving of more profits as this would then steal the shar e of bookings that are done by the outsider third party (Yoo Bai, 2013). Conclusion: The above study is based on the merging of the Starwood and the Marriot Company and the rewards programs that have been undertaken for it by the two companies. The rewards program of the company and the Marriot worldwide Worldwide Rewards campaign that was held by the Marriot Company in order to encourage its loyalty members have been discussed in this research study. The targeted market groups of the Marriot Company have been discussed and how the Company achieves its targeted market has also been mentioned. The targeted groups of the company is identified and specified. The strategies that have been taken up by the Marriott Company for achieving the attention and the value from its targeted markets have also been mentioned. References: Cantallops, A. S., Salvi, F. (2014). New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 41-51. DOI No. : 10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.007 Gustavo, N. (2013). Marketing management trends in tourism and hospitality industry: Facing the 21st century environment.International Journal of Marketing Studies,5(3), 13. DOI No. : 10.5539/ijms.v5n3p13 Marriott News Center. (2016). Marriott Rewards Launches Global Portfolio Marketing Initiative to Showcase Diverse Hotel Brands and Member Benefits - Marriott News Center. [online] Available at: https://news.marriott.com/2016/09/marriott-rewards-launches-global-portfolio-marketing-initiative-showcase-diverse-hotel-brands-member-benefits/ [Accessed 28 Nov. 2016]. Thomas, L. Y. (2015, January). The International Council of Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (ICHRIE), San Diego, California, July 30August 1, 2014. InJournal of Convention Event Tourism(Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 11-15). Routledge. DOI No. : 10.1080/15470148.2015.1000751 Yoo, M., Bai, B. (2013). Customer loyalty marketing research: A comparative approach between hospitality and business journals.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 166-177. DOI No. : 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.07.009